Gilead

An area on the east side of the Jordan River; supposedly named after Gilead, son of Makir, tribe of Manasseh.

About Gilead

A region east of the Jordan River. It often referred to the land where the Israelite tribes lived on that side of the river (Judges 20:1; 2 Kings 10:33; Jeremiah 50:19; Zechariah 10:10). More exactly, it was the area between the Yarmuk River in the north and the Arnon River in the south. The Jabbok River ran through the middle of it.

Some people call the highlands of Gilead the “Dome of Gilead.” This area is part of the hill country that stretches north from Judah. It rises over 914 meters (3,000 feet) above the Jordan Valley. Many rivers and streams flow through Gilead. Because of this, the flat land was good for farming. People grew olive trees, grapevines, and grain there (compare Jeremiah 8:22; 46:11; Hosea 2:8). The hills of Gilead were steep and covered with trees. Some writers compared them to the forests of Lebanon (Jeremiah 22:6; Zechariah 10:10). These hills gave safety to people running away from danger. The rough land made it hard for enemies to follow them (compare Genesis 31:21; 1 Samuel 13:7).

At first, God gave the region of Gilead to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh (Numbers 32).

During the time of the judges, the Midianites and Amalekites attacked Gilead. But Gideon led the Israelites to victory (Judges 6–7). About 50 years later, the people asked Jephthah to return from exile and help them. He saved Gilead from the Ammonites (chapters 10–11).

During the time of King Saul, he saved Jabesh-gilead from the Ammonites (1 Samuel 11:1–11; 31:8–13; 2 Samuel 2:1–7). Later, Saul’s commander Abner made Ish-bosheth king in Gilead to oppose David (2 Samuel 2:8–9). David defeated the Ammonites and took control of Gilead (8:11–12; 10:1–19). When Absalom rebelled, he fled to Gilead for refuge (chapters 15–17). After Absalom died in the forest of Ephraim, David returned to Jerusalem as king (chapters 18–19).

Later, during the divided kingdom, Gilead became a place of war. First, the Israelites fought against the Syrians (also called Arameans) (1 Kings 20:23–43; 22:1–4, 29–40; 2 Kings 13:22; Amos 1:3). Then the Assyrians invaded. In 733 BC, they took Gilead from King Pekah and sent the people into exile (2 Kings 15:27–31). This ended Gilead’s connection with the northern kingdom of Israel.

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Gilead, Balm of Article

Substance of uncertain identification and one of several resins used in the Near East for medicinal purposes. It did not grow in Gilead, but it may have received its name from...

Key References

Genesis 37:25

And as they sat down to eat a meal, they looked up and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites coming from Gilead. Their camels were carrying spices, balm, and myrrh on their way down to Egypt.

Genesis 31:21

So he fled with all his possessions, crossed the Euphrates, and headed for the hill country of Gilead.

Jeremiah 8:22

Is there no balm in Gilead? Is no physician there? Why then has the health of the daughter of my people not been restored?

All Scripture References (91)

Genesis (4)
Genesis 31:21

So he fled with all his possessions, crossed the Euphrates, and headed for the hill country of Gilead.

Genesis 31:23

So he took his relatives with him, pursued Jacob for seven days, and overtook him in the hill country of Gilead.

Genesis 31:25

Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the hill country of Gilead when Laban overtook him, and Laban and his relatives camped there as well.

Genesis 37:25

And as they sat down to eat a meal, they looked up and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites coming from Gilead. Their camels were carrying spices, balm, and myrrh on their way down to Egypt.

Numbers (8)
Numbers 26:29

These were the descendants of Manasseh: The Machirite clan from Machir, the father of Gilead, and the Gileadite clan from Gilead.

Numbers 32:1

Now the Reubenites and Gadites, who had very large herds and flocks, surveyed the lands of Jazer and Gilead, and they saw that the region was suitable for livestock.

Numbers 32:26

Our children, our wives, our livestock, and all our animals will remain here in the cities of Gilead.

Numbers 32:29

And Moses said to them, “If the Gadites and Reubenites cross the Jordan with you, with every man armed for battle before the LORD, and the land is subdued before you, then you are to give them the land of Gilead as a possession.

Numbers 32:39

The descendants of Machir son of Manasseh went to Gilead, captured it, and drove out the Amorites who were there.

Numbers 32:40

So Moses gave Gilead to the clan of Machir son of Manasseh, and they settled there.

Numbers 32:41

Jair, a descendant of Manasseh, went and captured their villages and called them Havvoth-jair.

Numbers 36:1

Now the family heads of the clan of Gilead son of Machir son of Manasseh, one of the clans of Joseph, approached Moses and the leaders who were the heads of the Israelite families and addressed them,

Deuteronomy (8)
Deuteronomy 2:36

From Aroer on the rim of the Arnon Valley, along with the city in the valley, even as far as Gilead, not one city had walls too high for us. The LORD our God gave us all of them.

Deuteronomy 3:10

all the cities of the plateau, all of Gilead, and all of Bashan as far as the cities of Salecah and Edrei in the kingdom of Og.

Deuteronomy 3:12

So at that time we took possession of this land. To the Reubenites and Gadites I gave the land beyond Aroer along the Arnon Valley, and half the hill country of Gilead, along with its cities.

Deuteronomy 3:13

To the half-tribe of Manasseh I gave the rest of Gilead and all of Bashan, the kingdom of Og. (The entire region of Argob, the whole territory of Bashan, used to be called the land of the Rephaim.)

Deuteronomy 3:15

To Machir I gave Gilead,

Deuteronomy 3:16

and to the Reubenites and Gadites I gave the territory from Gilead to the Arnon Valley (the middle of the valley was the border) and up to the Jabbok River, the border of the Ammonites.

Deuteronomy 4:43

Bezer in the wilderness on the plateau belonging to the Reubenites, Ramoth in Gilead belonging to the Gadites, or Golan in Bashan belonging to the Manassites.

Deuteronomy 34:1

Then Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, which faces Jericho. And the LORD showed him the whole land—from Gilead as far as Dan,

Joshua (14)
Joshua 12:2

Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon. He ruled from Aroer on the rim of the Arnon Valley, along the middle of the valley, up to the Jabbok River (the border of the Ammonites), that is, half of Gilead,

Joshua 12:5

He ruled over Mount Hermon, Salecah, all of Bashan up to the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites, and half of Gilead to the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.

Joshua 13:11

also Gilead and the territory of the Geshurites and Maacathites, all of Mount Hermon, and all Bashan as far as Salecah—

Joshua 13:25

The territory of Jazer, all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the Ammonites as far as Aroer, near Rabbah;

Joshua 13:31

half of Gilead; and Ashtaroth and Edrei, the royal cities of Og in Bashan. All this was for the clans of the descendants of Machir son of Manasseh, that is, half of the descendants of Machir.

Joshua 17:1

Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh as Joseph’s firstborn son, namely for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh and father of the Gileadites, who had received Gilead and Bashan because Machir was a man of war.

Joshua 17:5

Thus ten shares fell to Manasseh, in addition to the land of Gilead and Bashan beyond the Jordan,

Joshua 17:6

because the daughters of Manasseh received an inheritance among his sons. And the land of Gilead belonged to the rest of the sons of Manasseh.

Joshua 20:8

And beyond the Jordan, east of Jericho, they designated Bezer on the wilderness plateau from the tribe of Reuben, Ramoth in Gilead from the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan from the tribe of Manasseh.

Joshua 21:38

And from the tribe of Gad they were given Ramoth in Gilead, a city of refuge for the manslayer, Mahanaim,

Joshua 22:9

So the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh left the Israelites at Shiloh in the land of Canaan to return to their own land of Gilead, which they had acquired according to the command of the LORD through Moses.

Joshua 22:13

The Israelites sent Phinehas son of Eleazar the priest to the land of Gilead, to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh.

Joshua 22:15

They went to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh in the land of Gilead and said to them,

Joshua 22:32

Then Phinehas son of Eleazar the priest, together with the other leaders, returned to the Israelites in the land of Canaan and brought back a report regarding the Reubenites and Gadites in the land of Gilead.

Judges (19)
Judges 5:17

Gilead remained beyond the Jordan. Dan, why did you linger by the ships? Asher stayed at the coast and remained in his harbors.

Judges 10:3

Tola was followed by Jair the Gileadite, who judged Israel twenty-two years.

Judges 10:4

He had thirty sons who rode on thirty donkeys. And they had thirty towns in the land of Gilead, which to this day are called Havvoth-jair.

Judges 10:8

who that very year harassed and oppressed the Israelites, and they did so for eighteen years to all the Israelites on the other side of the Jordan in Gilead, the land of the Amorites.

Judges 10:17

Then the Ammonites were called to arms and camped in Gilead, and the Israelites assembled and camped at Mizpah.

Judges 10:18

And the rulers of Gilead said to one another, “Whoever will launch the attack against the Ammonites will be the head of all who live in Gilead.”

Judges 11:1

Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valor; he was the son of a prostitute, and Gilead was his father.

Judges 11:5

and made war with them, the elders of Gilead went to get Jephthah from the land of Tob.

Judges 11:7

Jephthah replied to the elders of Gilead, “Did you not hate me and expel me from my father’s house? Why then have you come to me now, when you are in distress?”

Judges 11:8

They answered Jephthah, “This is why we now turn to you, that you may go with us, fight the Ammonites, and become leader over all of us who live in Gilead.”

Judges 11:9

But Jephthah asked them, “If you take me back to fight the Ammonites and the LORD gives them to me, will I really be your leader?”

Judges 11:10

And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “The LORD is our witness if we do not do as you say.”

Judges 11:11

So Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him their leader and commander. And Jephthah repeated all his terms in the presence of the LORD at Mizpah.

Judges 11:29

Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh, then through Mizpah of Gilead. And from there he advanced against the Ammonites.

Judges 11:40

that each year the young women of Israel go out for four days to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite.

Judges 12:4

Jephthah then gathered all the men of Gilead and fought against Ephraim. And the men of Gilead struck them down because the Ephraimites had said, “You Gileadites are fugitives in Ephraim, living in the territories of Ephraim and Manasseh.”

Judges 12:5

The Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan leading to Ephraim, and whenever a fugitive from Ephraim would say, “Let me cross over,” the Gileadites would ask him, “Are you an Ephraimite?” If he answered, “No,”

Judges 12:7

Jephthah judged Israel six years, and when he died, he was buried in one of the cities of Gilead.

Judges 20:1

Then all the Israelites from Dan to Beersheba and from the land of Gilead came out, and the congregation assembled as one man before the LORD at Mizpah.

1 Samuel (1)
1 Samuel 13:7

Some Hebrews even crossed the Jordan into the land of Gad and Gilead. Saul, however, remained at Gilgal, and all his troops were quaking in fear.

2 Samuel (5)
2 Samuel 2:9

and made him king over Gilead, Asher, Jezreel, Ephraim, and Benjamin—over all Israel.

2 Samuel 17:26

So the Israelites and Absalom camped in the land of Gilead.

2 Samuel 17:27

When David came to Mahanaim, he was met by Shobi son of Nahash from Rabbah of the Ammonites, Machir son of Ammiel from Lo-debar, and Barzillai the Gileadite from Rogelim.

2 Samuel 19:32

Barzillai was quite old, eighty years of age, and since he was a very wealthy man, he had provided for the king while he stayed in Mahanaim.

2 Samuel 24:6

Then they went to Gilead and the land of Tahtim-hodshi, and on to Dan-jaan and around to Sidon.

1 Kings (4)
1 Kings 2:7

But show loving devotion to the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and let them be among those who eat at your table, because they stood by me when I fled from your brother Absalom.

1 Kings 4:13

Ben-geber in Ramoth-gilead (the villages of Jair son of Manasseh in Gilead belonged to him, as well as the region of Argob in Bashan with its sixty great cities with walls and bronze bars);

1 Kings 4:19

Geber son of Uri in the land of Gilead, including the territories of Sihon king of the Amorites and of Og king of Bashan. There was also one governor in the land of Judah.

1 Kings 17:1

Now Elijah the Tishbite, who was among the settlers of Gilead, said to Ahab, “As surely as the LORD, the God of Israel, lives, before whom I stand, there will be neither dew nor rain in these years except at my word!”

2 Kings (3)
2 Kings 10:33

from the Jordan eastward through all the land of Gilead (the region of Gad, Reuben, and Manasseh), and from Aroer by the Arnon Valley through Gilead to Bashan.

2 Kings 15:25

Then his officer, Pekah son of Remaliah, conspired against him along with Argob, Arieh, and fifty men of Gilead. And at the citadel of the king’s palace in Samaria, Pekah struck down and killed Pekahiah and reigned in his place.

2 Kings 15:29

In the days of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria came and captured Ijon, Abel-beth-maacah, Janoah, Kedesh, Hazor, Gilead, and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and he took the people as captives to Assyria.

1 Chronicles (7)
1 Chronicles 2:22

Segub was the father of Jair, who had twenty-three cities in the land of Gilead.

1 Chronicles 5:9

They also settled in the east as far as the edge of the desert that extends to the Euphrates River, because their livestock had increased in the land of Gilead.

1 Chronicles 5:10

During the days of Saul they waged war against the Hagrites, who were defeated at their hands, and they occupied the dwellings of the Hagrites throughout the region east of Gilead.

1 Chronicles 5:16

They lived in Gilead, in Bashan and its towns, and throughout the pasturelands of Sharon.

1 Chronicles 6:65

They assigned by lot the cities named above from the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin.

1 Chronicles 26:31

As for the Hebronites, Jerijah was the chief of the Hebronites, according to the genealogies of his ancestors. In the fortieth year of David’s reign the records were searched, and strong, capable men were found among the Hebronites at Jazer in Gilead.

1 Chronicles 27:21

over the half-tribe of Manasseh in Gilead was Iddo son of Zechariah; over Benjamin was Jaasiel son of Abner;

Ezra (1)
Ezra 2:61

And from among the priests: the descendants of Hobaiah, the descendants of Hakkoz, and the descendants of Barzillai (who had married a daughter of Barzillai the Gileadite and was called by their name).

Nehemiah (1)
Nehemiah 7:63

And from among the priests: the descendants of Hobaiah, the descendants of Hakkoz, and the descendants of Barzillai (who had married a daughter of Barzillai the Gileadite and was called by their name).

Psalms (2)
Psalm 60:9

Who will bring me to the fortified city? Who will lead me to Edom?

Psalm 108:9

Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.”

Song of Solomon (2)
Song of Solomon 4:1

How beautiful you are, my darling—how very beautiful! Your eyes are like doves behind your veil. Your hair is like a flock of goats streaming down Mount Gilead.

Song of Solomon 6:5

Turn your eyes away from me, for they have overcome me. Your hair is like a flock of goats streaming down from Gilead.

Jeremiah (4)
Jeremiah 8:22

Is there no balm in Gilead? Is no physician there? Why then has the health of the daughter of my people not been restored?

Jeremiah 22:6

For this is what the LORD says concerning the house of the king of Judah: “You are like Gilead to Me, like the summit of Lebanon; but I will surely turn you into a desert, like cities that are uninhabited.

Jeremiah 46:11

Go up to Gilead for balm, O Virgin Daughter of Egypt! In vain you try many remedies, but for you there is no healing.

Jeremiah 50:19

I will return Israel to his pasture, and he will graze on Carmel and Bashan; his soul will be satisfied on the hills of Ephraim and Gilead.

Ezekiel (1)
Ezekiel 47:18

On the east side the border will run between Hauran and Damascus, along the Jordan between Gilead and the land of Israel, to the Eastern Sea and as far as Tamar. This will be the eastern boundary.

Hosea (2)
Hosea 6:8

Gilead is a city of evildoers, tracked with footprints of blood.

Hosea 12:12

Jacob fled to the land of Aram and Israel worked for a wife—for a wife he tended sheep.

Amos (2)
Amos 1:3

This is what the LORD says: “For three transgressions of Damascus, even four, I will not revoke My judgment, because they threshed Gilead with sledges of iron.

Amos 1:13

This is what the LORD says: “For three transgressions of the Ammonites, even four, I will not revoke My judgment, because they ripped open the pregnant women of Gilead in order to enlarge their territory.

Obadiah (1)
Obadiah 1:19

Those from the Negev will possess the mountains of Esau; those from the foothills will possess the land of the Philistines. They will occupy the fields of Ephraim and Samaria, and Benjamin will possess Gilead.

Micah (1)
Micah 7:14

Shepherd with Your staff Your people, the flock of Your inheritance. They live alone in a woodland, surrounded by pastures. Let them graze in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old.

Zechariah (1)
Zechariah 10:10

I will bring them back from Egypt and gather them from Assyria. I will bring them to Gilead and Lebanon until no more room is found for them.