A large evergreen tree similar to cedar, known for its high-quality timber.
About Sandalwood
A survey of the English versions indicates the vigorous debate, if not confusion, surrounding the Hebrew word ’almug in 1 Kings and its parallel ’algum in 2 Chronicles. The majority of English versions (RSV, NRSV, NIV, REB, NJB) transliterate directly from the Hebrew in both books, but GNB, CEV, and NCV harmonize 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles by using “juniper” throughout. GECL likewise avoids the issue by translating “precious wood” in both books. The debate hinges on two questions:
Key References
(The servants of Hiram and of Solomon who brought gold from Ophir also brought algum wood and precious stones.
(The fleet of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir also brought from Ophir a great cargo of almug wood and precious stones.
All Scripture References (56)
Deuteronomy (1)
If he goes into the forest with his neighbor to cut timber and swings his axe to chop down a tree, but the blade flies off the handle and strikes and kills his neighbor, he may flee to one of these cities to save his life.
Joshua (2)
Joshua answered them, “If you have so many people that the hill country of Ephraim is too small for you, go to the forest and clear for yourself an area in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaim.”
because the hill country will be yours as well. It is a forest; clear it, and its farthest limits will be yours. Although the Canaanites have iron chariots and although they are strong, you can drive them out.”
1 Samuel (3)
Then all the troops entered the forest, and there was honey on the ground.
And when they entered the forest and saw the flowing honey, not one of them put his hand to his mouth, because they feared the oath.
Then the prophet Gad said to David, “Do not stay in the stronghold. Depart and go into the land of Judah.” So David left and went to the forest of Hereth.
2 Samuel (3)
So David’s army marched into the field to engage Israel, and the battle took place in the forest of Ephraim.
The battle spread over the whole countryside, and that day the forest devoured more people than the sword.
They took Absalom, cast him into a large pit in the forest, and piled a huge mound of stones over him. Meanwhile, all the Israelites fled, each to his home.
1 Kings (2)
(The fleet of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir also brought from Ophir a great cargo of almug wood and precious stones.
The king made the almug wood into steps for the house of the LORD and for the king’s palace, and into lyres and harps for the singers. Never before had such almug wood been brought in, nor has such been seen again to this day.)
2 Kings (2)
Then he turned around, looked at them, and called down a curse on them in the name of the LORD. Suddenly two female bears came out of the woods and mauled forty-two of the boys.
Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest outposts, the densest of its forests.
1 Chronicles (1)
Then the trees of the forest will sing for joy before the LORD, for He is coming to judge the earth.
2 Chronicles (3)
Send me, therefore, a craftsman skilled in engraving to work with gold and silver, with bronze and iron, and with purple, crimson, and blue yarn. He will work with my craftsmen in Judah and Jerusalem, whom my father David provided.
(The servants of Hiram and of Solomon who brought gold from Ophir also brought algum wood and precious stones.
The king made the algum wood into steps for the house of the LORD and for the king’s palace, and into lyres and harps for the singers. Never before had anything like them been seen in the land of Judah.)
Psalms (6)
The voice of the LORD twists the oaks and strips the forests bare. And in His temple all cry, “Glory!”
for every beast of the forest is Mine—the cattle on a thousand hills.
Return, O God of Hosts, we pray! Look down from heaven and see! Attend to this vine—
so pursue them with Your tempest, and terrify them with Your storm.
Let the fields exult, and all that is in them. Then all the trees of the forest will sing for joy
You bring darkness, and it becomes night, when all the beasts of the forest prowl.
Ecclesiastes (1)
I built reservoirs to water my groves of flourishing trees.
Song of Solomon (1)
Like an apple tree among the trees of the forest is my beloved among the young men. I delight to sit in his shade, and his fruit is sweet to my taste.
Isaiah (13)
When it was reported to the house of David that Aram was in league with Ephraim, the hearts of Ahaz and his people trembled like trees in the forest shaken by the wind.
Therefore the Lord takes no pleasure in their young men; He has no compassion on their fatherless and widows. For every one of them is godless and wicked, and every mouth speaks folly. Despite all this, His anger is not turned away; His hand is still upraised.
The splendor of its forests and orchards, both soul and body, it will completely destroy, as a sickness consumes a man.
The remaining trees of its forests will be so few that a child could count them.
He will clear the forest thickets with an axe, and Lebanon will fall before the Mighty One.
This is the burden against Arabia: In the thickets of Arabia you must lodge, O caravans of Dedanites.
In a very short time, will not Lebanon become an orchard, and the orchard seem like a forest?
until the Spirit is poured out upon us from on high. Then the desert will be an orchard, and the orchard will seem like a forest.
But hail will level the forest, and the city will sink to the depths.
Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest heights, the densest of its forests.
He cuts down cedars or retrieves a cypress or oak. He lets it grow strong among the trees of the forest. He plants a laurel, and the rain makes it grow.
Sing for joy, O heavens, for the LORD has done this; shout aloud, O depths of the earth. Break forth in song, O mountains, you forests and all your trees. For the LORD has redeemed Jacob, and revealed His glory in Israel.
Come, all you beasts of the field; eat greedily, all you beasts of the forest.
Jeremiah (6)
Therefore a lion from the forest will strike them down, a wolf from the desert will ravage them. A leopard will lie in wait near their cities, and everyone who ventures out will be torn to pieces. For their rebellious acts are many, and their unfaithful deeds are numerous.
For the customs of the peoples are worthless; they cut down a tree from the forest; it is shaped with a chisel by the hands of a craftsman.
My inheritance has become to Me like a lion in the forest. She has roared against Me; therefore I hate her.
I will punish you as your deeds deserve, declares the LORD. I will kindle a fire in your forest that will consume everything around you.’”
“Micah the Moreshite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah and told all the people of Judah that this is what the LORD of Hosts says: ‘Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple mount a wooded ridge.’
They will chop down her forest, declares the LORD, dense though it may be, for they are more numerous than locusts; they cannot be counted.
Ezekiel (6)
“Son of man, how does the wood of the vine surpass any other branch among the trees in the forest?
Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Like the wood of the vine among the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so I will give up the people of Jerusalem.
“Son of man, set your face against Jerusalem and preach against the sanctuaries. Prophesy against the land of Israel
and tell her that this is what the LORD says: ‘I am against you, and I will draw My sword from its sheath and cut off from you both the righteous and the wicked.
I will make with them a covenant of peace and rid the land of wild animals, so that they may dwell securely in the wilderness and sleep in the forest.
They will not gather wood from the countryside or cut it from the forests, for they will use the weapons for fuel. They will loot those who looted them and plunder those who plundered them, declares the Lord GOD.
Hosea (1)
“Therefore, behold, I will allure her and lead her to the wilderness, and speak to her tenderly.
Amos (1)
Does a lion roar in the forest when he has no prey? Does a young lion growl in his den if he has caught nothing?
Micah (3)
Therefore, because of you, Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple mount a wooded ridge.
Then the remnant of Jacob will be in the midst of many peoples like dew from the LORD, like showers on the grass, which do not wait for man or linger for mankind.
Shepherd with Your staff Your people, the flock of Your inheritance. They live alone in a woodland, surrounded by pastures. Let them graze in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old.
Zechariah (1)
Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen; the majestic trees are ruined! Wail, O oaks of Bashan, for the dense forest has been cut down!