Sandalwood

A large evergreen tree similar to cedar, known for its high-quality timber.

Sandalwood
Sandalwood (J.M.Garg (Wikimedia Commons)) Sandalwood (red saunders)

About Sandalwood

A survey of the English versions indicates the vigorous debate, if not confusion, surrounding the Hebrew word ’almug in 1 Kings and its parallel ’algum in 2 Chronicles. The majority of English versions (RSV, NRSV, NIV, REB, NJB) transliterate directly from the Hebrew in both books, but GNB, CEV, and NCV harmonize 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles by using “juniper” throughout. GECL likewise avoids the issue by translating “precious wood” in both books. The debate hinges on two questions:

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Key References

2 Chronicles 9:10

(The servants of Hiram and of Solomon who brought gold from Ophir also brought algum wood and precious stones.

1 Kings 10:11

(The fleet of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir also brought from Ophir a great cargo of almug wood and precious stones.

All Scripture References (56)

Deuteronomy (1)
Deuteronomy 19:5

If he goes into the forest with his neighbor to cut timber and swings his axe to chop down a tree, but the blade flies off the handle and strikes and kills his neighbor, he may flee to one of these cities to save his life.

Joshua (2)
Joshua 17:15

Joshua answered them, “If you have so many people that the hill country of Ephraim is too small for you, go to the forest and clear for yourself an area in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaim.”

Joshua 17:18

because the hill country will be yours as well. It is a forest; clear it, and its farthest limits will be yours. Although the Canaanites have iron chariots and although they are strong, you can drive them out.”

1 Samuel (3)
1 Samuel 14:25

Then all the troops entered the forest, and there was honey on the ground.

1 Samuel 14:26

And when they entered the forest and saw the flowing honey, not one of them put his hand to his mouth, because they feared the oath.

1 Samuel 22:5

Then the prophet Gad said to David, “Do not stay in the stronghold. Depart and go into the land of Judah.” So David left and went to the forest of Hereth.

2 Samuel (3)
2 Samuel 18:6

So David’s army marched into the field to engage Israel, and the battle took place in the forest of Ephraim.

2 Samuel 18:8

The battle spread over the whole countryside, and that day the forest devoured more people than the sword.

2 Samuel 18:17

They took Absalom, cast him into a large pit in the forest, and piled a huge mound of stones over him. Meanwhile, all the Israelites fled, each to his home.

1 Kings (2)
1 Kings 10:11

(The fleet of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir also brought from Ophir a great cargo of almug wood and precious stones.

1 Kings 10:12

The king made the almug wood into steps for the house of the LORD and for the king’s palace, and into lyres and harps for the singers. Never before had such almug wood been brought in, nor has such been seen again to this day.)

2 Kings (2)
2 Kings 2:24

Then he turned around, looked at them, and called down a curse on them in the name of the LORD. Suddenly two female bears came out of the woods and mauled forty-two of the boys.

2 Kings 19:23

Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest outposts, the densest of its forests.

1 Chronicles (1)
1 Chronicles 16:33

Then the trees of the forest will sing for joy before the LORD, for He is coming to judge the earth.

2 Chronicles (3)
2 Chronicles 2:7

Send me, therefore, a craftsman skilled in engraving to work with gold and silver, with bronze and iron, and with purple, crimson, and blue yarn. He will work with my craftsmen in Judah and Jerusalem, whom my father David provided.

2 Chronicles 9:10

(The servants of Hiram and of Solomon who brought gold from Ophir also brought algum wood and precious stones.

2 Chronicles 9:11

The king made the algum wood into steps for the house of the LORD and for the king’s palace, and into lyres and harps for the singers. Never before had anything like them been seen in the land of Judah.)

Psalms (6)
Psalm 29:9

The voice of the LORD twists the oaks and strips the forests bare. And in His temple all cry, “Glory!”

Psalm 50:10

for every beast of the forest is Mine—the cattle on a thousand hills.

Psalm 80:14

Return, O God of Hosts, we pray! Look down from heaven and see! Attend to this vine—

Psalm 83:15

so pursue them with Your tempest, and terrify them with Your storm.

Psalm 96:12

Let the fields exult, and all that is in them. Then all the trees of the forest will sing for joy

Psalm 104:20

You bring darkness, and it becomes night, when all the beasts of the forest prowl.

Ecclesiastes (1)
Ecclesiastes 2:6

I built reservoirs to water my groves of flourishing trees.

Song of Solomon (1)
Song of Solomon 2:3

Like an apple tree among the trees of the forest is my beloved among the young men. I delight to sit in his shade, and his fruit is sweet to my taste.

Isaiah (13)
Isaiah 7:2

When it was reported to the house of David that Aram was in league with Ephraim, the hearts of Ahaz and his people trembled like trees in the forest shaken by the wind.

Isaiah 9:17

Therefore the Lord takes no pleasure in their young men; He has no compassion on their fatherless and widows. For every one of them is godless and wicked, and every mouth speaks folly. Despite all this, His anger is not turned away; His hand is still upraised.

Isaiah 10:18

The splendor of its forests and orchards, both soul and body, it will completely destroy, as a sickness consumes a man.

Isaiah 10:19

The remaining trees of its forests will be so few that a child could count them.

Isaiah 10:34

He will clear the forest thickets with an axe, and Lebanon will fall before the Mighty One.

Isaiah 21:13

This is the burden against Arabia: In the thickets of Arabia you must lodge, O caravans of Dedanites.

Isaiah 29:17

In a very short time, will not Lebanon become an orchard, and the orchard seem like a forest?

Isaiah 32:15

until the Spirit is poured out upon us from on high. Then the desert will be an orchard, and the orchard will seem like a forest.

Isaiah 32:19

But hail will level the forest, and the city will sink to the depths.

Isaiah 37:24

Through your servants you have taunted the Lord, and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains, to the remote peaks of Lebanon. I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses. I have reached its farthest heights, the densest of its forests.

Isaiah 44:14

He cuts down cedars or retrieves a cypress or oak. He lets it grow strong among the trees of the forest. He plants a laurel, and the rain makes it grow.

Isaiah 44:23

Sing for joy, O heavens, for the LORD has done this; shout aloud, O depths of the earth. Break forth in song, O mountains, you forests and all your trees. For the LORD has redeemed Jacob, and revealed His glory in Israel.

Isaiah 56:9

Come, all you beasts of the field; eat greedily, all you beasts of the forest.

Jeremiah (6)
Jeremiah 5:6

Therefore a lion from the forest will strike them down, a wolf from the desert will ravage them. A leopard will lie in wait near their cities, and everyone who ventures out will be torn to pieces. For their rebellious acts are many, and their unfaithful deeds are numerous.

Jeremiah 10:3

For the customs of the peoples are worthless; they cut down a tree from the forest; it is shaped with a chisel by the hands of a craftsman.

Jeremiah 12:8

My inheritance has become to Me like a lion in the forest. She has roared against Me; therefore I hate her.

Jeremiah 21:14

I will punish you as your deeds deserve, declares the LORD. I will kindle a fire in your forest that will consume everything around you.’”

Jeremiah 26:18

“Micah the Moreshite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah and told all the people of Judah that this is what the LORD of Hosts says: ‘Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple mount a wooded ridge.’

Jeremiah 46:23

They will chop down her forest, declares the LORD, dense though it may be, for they are more numerous than locusts; they cannot be counted.

Ezekiel (6)
Ezekiel 15:2

“Son of man, how does the wood of the vine surpass any other branch among the trees in the forest?

Ezekiel 15:6

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Like the wood of the vine among the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so I will give up the people of Jerusalem.

Ezekiel 21:2

“Son of man, set your face against Jerusalem and preach against the sanctuaries. Prophesy against the land of Israel

Ezekiel 21:3

and tell her that this is what the LORD says: ‘I am against you, and I will draw My sword from its sheath and cut off from you both the righteous and the wicked.

Ezekiel 34:25

I will make with them a covenant of peace and rid the land of wild animals, so that they may dwell securely in the wilderness and sleep in the forest.

Ezekiel 39:10

They will not gather wood from the countryside or cut it from the forests, for they will use the weapons for fuel. They will loot those who looted them and plunder those who plundered them, declares the Lord GOD.

Hosea (1)
Hosea 2:14

“Therefore, behold, I will allure her and lead her to the wilderness, and speak to her tenderly.

Amos (1)
Amos 3:4

Does a lion roar in the forest when he has no prey? Does a young lion growl in his den if he has caught nothing?

Micah (3)
Micah 3:12

Therefore, because of you, Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple mount a wooded ridge.

Micah 5:7

Then the remnant of Jacob will be in the midst of many peoples like dew from the LORD, like showers on the grass, which do not wait for man or linger for mankind.

Micah 7:14

Shepherd with Your staff Your people, the flock of Your inheritance. They live alone in a woodland, surrounded by pastures. Let them graze in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old.

Zechariah (1)
Zechariah 11:2

Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen; the majestic trees are ruined! Wail, O oaks of Bashan, for the dense forest has been cut down!