Hebrews

Read this book by chapter and explore its background.

Purpose To encourage perseverance when suffering, primarily by emphasizing the superiority of Christ and the sufficiency of his work
Author Unknown
Date Most likely the early 60s AD, but a date after AD 70 is also possible
Setting Written to a group of Christians (likely in Rome) who were being persecuted and struggling to maintain their faith

Overview Article

Have you ever known a person who turned his or her back on Christ and the church and simply walked away? Perhaps you have struggled to maintain your own Christian commitment in the face of disillusionment, spiritual confusion, loss of perspective, or outright persecution. The book of Hebrews points us to Christ. It provides light to help struggling Christians see Jesus clearly and stand firm.

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Key People, Places, and Terms

Themes

The Superiority of the Son 27 The book of Hebrews shows why Jesus, the Son of God, is greater than all others in who he is (his nature) and what he does (his ministry). The Son's superior nature is mainly discussed in Hebrews 1:1–3:6 . In the book... God’s Word 12 A basic truth of Scripture is that God has spoken. The author of the letter to the Hebrews, like other Jewish preachers of the time, presents the Old Testament as words from God. He often starts passages with "God say... Endurance 10 When Jesus was about to suffer and die, he told his followers they would also experience great difficulties (see Matthew 24:9 ). He emphasized the importance of endurance: “The one who perseveres to the end will be sa... Altars 9 Noah built the first altar mentioned in the Bible ( Genesis 8:20–21 ). Cain and Abel also gave offerings to God ( Genesis 4:3–5 ). The patriarchs built many altars (see Genesis 12:7–8 ; 13:4 , 18 ; 22:9 ; 26:25 ; 33:2... God’s Sabbath Rest 8 The idea of God's Sabbath rest (as described in Hebrews 4:1–11 ) has been difficult for many scholars to understand. It includes ideas from the Old Testament, like the promised land as a place to rest from slavery and... Spiritual Maturity 7 When someone trusts in Jesus Christ for salvation, it marks the beginning of a journey that will continue the rest of their life. They do not stay the same. They transform and grow to be more like Jesus. This process... Royal Psalms 6 The royal psalms all mention the king, his rule, and his relationship with God. Most scholars consider Psalms 2 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 45 , 61 , 72 , 89 , 101 , 110 , 132 , and 144 as royal psalms. Belief in God's rule is t... Apostasy 5 Sadly, opposition to God is not limited to those outside the community of faith. The Bible tells of many who seemed to know God but turned away (see Numbers 16 ; Deuteronomy 13 ; 2 Kings 17:5–23 ; Ezekiel 8 ). God bri...
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The Holy Spirit’s Presence 5 The book of Acts emphasizes the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. Before the Spirit came, Jesus spoke about the Spirit's influence on his followers ( 1:8 ; see John 14:15–17 , 26 ; 15:26 ; 16:7–15 ). The Spirit c... The Holy Spirit’s Work 5 Different New Testament writers emphasized various aspects of the Holy Spirit's work. The apostle John, for example, emphasized the Spirit's role as a teacher and revealer of God's thoughts and ways ( John 14:17 , 26... The Christ Hymn: Christ’s Divine Nature 5 The passage in Philippians 2:6–11 is often called the Christ Hymn. This section reveals what early Christians believed about Jesus Christ. The hymn shows that early Christians believed Jesus existed before his birth o... The Day Is Coming 5 Jesus prophesied three future events in the Synoptic Gospels: One event was his own death and resurrection ( Mark 8:31 ; 9:31 ; 10:33–34 ). This had already happened before the Gospels were written. God’s New Covenant 4 A covenant is a promise or agreement between two groups or people that usually includes responsibilities for each side. God made a covenant with the people of Israel through Moses and the giving of the law ( Exodus 19... Angels 4 In the Bible, angels are God's messengers who carry out his plans and tell his will to humans ( Genesis 16:7–12 ; Numbers 22:22–34 ; Judges 13:3–21 ; 2 Kings 1:3 , 15 ; Zechariah 1:4–12 ). The Hebrew Old Testament and... Love in the Community of Christ 4 Living in a community is not always easy. The community of Jesus Christ (the church) has often experienced disunity and division throughout its history. Even in its earliest days, the church struggled with unity issue... Remove the Evil 4 Sin is so opposed to God’s holiness that it cannot exist with him. The same should be true for God's people. God is holy, and he expects his people to show his holiness ( Leviticus 11:45 ; 19:2 ). God required severe... Atonement 4 Leviticus 16 explains the Day of Atonement. On this day, the high priest presented the community's sins to the LORD. Worshiping a holy God requires removing any ceremonial uncleanness or sin. God's grace accepted an a... By Faith 4 Faith is a key theme in Scripture, but many misunderstand it. Some think faith means any kind of spirituality, like saying someone is a "person of faith." Others think it means a strong belief that good things will ha... Christian Suffering 3 We should not be surprised when we experience suffering ( 1 Peter 4:12 ). Christians who live differently by obeying God should expect the culture to respond with hostility. We should expect mockery, bad treatment, fa... God’s Covenants 3 The word "covenant" (from the Hebrew word berith ) means "bond." A covenant is a binding relationship based on a commitment that includes promises and duties. The covenant relationship requires faithfulness and enable...

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Outline

Use of the Old Testament in Hebrews

62 quotations from 12 Old Testament books

Total quotations 62
Connected books 12
Most-connected book Psalms 29

All References

Hebrews OT Passage Compare
Hebrews 1:5 2 Samuel 7:14
Compare
OT Text
  • I will be his Father, and he will be My son. When he does wrong, I will discipline him with the rod of men and with the blows of the sons of men.
NT Text
  • I will be His Father, and He will be My Son
Hebrews 1:5 Psalm 2:7
Compare
OT Text
  • I will proclaim the decree spoken to Me by the LORD: “You are My Son; today I have become Your Father.
NT Text
  • You are My Son; today I have become Your Father
Hebrews 1:6 Deuteronomy 32:43
Compare
OT Text
  • Rejoice, O heavens, with Him, and let all God’s angels worship Him. Rejoice, O nations, with His people; for He will avenge the blood of His children. He will take vengeance on His adversaries and repay those who hate Him; He will cleanse His land and His people.
NT Text
  • Let all God’s angels worship Him
Notes
  • This line is linked to both Psalm 97:7 (MT tradition) and Deuteronomy 32:43 (DSS/LXX); the Greek wording in Hebrews follows the latter more closely, so the wording does not match a single OT text form exactly.
Provenance
  • bsb-footnote
Hebrews 1:6 Psalm 97:7
Compare
OT Text
  • All worshipers of images are put to shame— those who boast in idols. Worship Him, all you gods!
NT Text
  • Let all God’s angels worship Him
Notes
  • This line is linked to both Psalm 97:7 (MT tradition) and Deuteronomy 32:43 (DSS/LXX); the Greek wording in Hebrews follows the latter more closely, so the wording does not match a single OT text form exactly.
Hebrews 1:7 Psalm 104:4
Compare
OT Text
  • He makes the winds His messengers, flames of fire His servants.
NT Text
  • He makes His angels winds, His servants flames of fire
Hebrews 1:8 Psalm 45:6
Compare
OT Text
  • Your throne, O God, endures forever and ever, and justice is the scepter of Your kingdom.
NT Text
  • Your throne, O God, endures forever and ever, and justice is the scepter of Your kingdom
Hebrews 1:9 Psalm 45:7
Compare
OT Text
  • You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness; therefore God, your God, has anointed you above your companions with the oil of joy.
NT Text
  • You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness; therefore God, Your God, has anointed You above Your companions with the oil of joy
Hebrews 1:10 Psalm 102:25
Compare
OT Text
  • In the beginning You laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of Your hands.
NT Text
  • In the beginning, O Lord, You laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of Your hands
Hebrews 1:11–12 Psalm 102:26–27
Compare
OT Text
  • They will perish, but You remain; they will all wear out like a garment. Like clothing You will change them, and they will be passed on. But You remain the same, and Your years will never end.
NT Text
  • They will perish, but You remain; they will all wear out like a garment You will roll them up like a robe; like a garment they will be changed; but You remain the same, and Your years will never end
Hebrews 1:13 Psalm 110:1
Compare
OT Text
  • The LORD said to my Lord: “Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.”
NT Text
  • did God ever say: “Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet
Hebrews 2:6 Psalm 8:4
Compare
OT Text
  • what is man that You are mindful of him, or the son of man that You care for him?
NT Text
  • What is man that You are mindful of him, or the son of man that You care for him
Hebrews 2:7 Psalm 8:5
Compare
OT Text
  • You made him a little lower than the angels; You crowned him with glory and honor.
NT Text
  • You made him a little lower than the angels; You crowned him with glory and honor
Hebrews 2:8 Psalm 8:6
Compare
OT Text
  • You made him ruler of the works of Your hands; You have placed everything under his feet:
NT Text
  • and placed everything under his feet
Hebrews 2:12 Psalm 22:22
Compare
OT Text
  • I will proclaim Your name to my brothers; I will praise You in the assembly.
NT Text
  • I will proclaim Your name to My brothers; I will sing Your praises in the assembly
Hebrews 2:13 Isaiah 8:17
Compare
OT Text
  • I will wait for the LORD, who is hiding His face from the house of Jacob. I will put my trust in Him.
NT Text
  • I will put My trust in Him.” And
Hebrews 2:13 Isaiah 8:18
Compare
OT Text
  • Here am I, and the children the LORD has given me as signs and symbols in Israel from the LORD of Hosts, who dwells on Mount Zion.
NT Text
  • And once again: “Here am I, and the children God has given Me
Hebrews 3:7–8 Psalm 95:7–8
Compare
OT Text
  • For He is our God, and we are the people of His pasture, the sheep under His care. Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts as you did at Meribah, in the day at Massah in the wilderness,
NT Text
  • Today, if you hear His voice do not harden your hearts, as you did in the rebellion, in the day of testing in the wilderness
Hebrews 3:9 Psalm 95:9
Compare
OT Text
  • where your fathers tested and tried Me, though they had seen My work.
NT Text
  • where your fathers tested and tried Me, and for forty years saw My works
Hebrews 3:10 Psalm 95:10
Compare
OT Text
  • For forty years I was angry with that generation, and I said, “They are a people whose hearts go astray, and they have not known My ways.”
NT Text
  • for forty years I was angry with that generation, and I said, ‘Their hearts are always going astray, and they have not known My ways
Hebrews 3:11 Psalm 95:11
Compare
OT Text
  • So I swore on oath in My anger, “They shall never enter My rest.”
NT Text
  • So I swore on oath in My anger, ‘They shall never enter My rest
Hebrews 3:15 Psalm 95:7–8
Compare
OT Text
  • For He is our God, and we are the people of His pasture, the sheep under His care. Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts as you did at Meribah, in the day at Massah in the wilderness,
NT Text
  • Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts, as you did in the rebellion
Hebrews 3:17 Numbers 14:35–36
Compare
OT Text
  • I, the LORD, have spoken, and I will surely do these things to this entire wicked congregation, which has conspired against Me. They will meet their end in the wilderness, and there they will die.” So the men Moses had sent to spy out the land, who had returned and made the whole congregation grumble against him by bringing out a bad report about the land—
NT Text
  • was God angry for forty years
Hebrews 4:3 Psalm 95:11
Compare
OT Text
  • So I swore on oath in My anger, “They shall never enter My rest.”
NT Text
  • swore on oath in My anger, ‘They shall never enter My rest.’” And yet His
Hebrews 4:4 Genesis 2:2
Compare
OT Text
  • And by the seventh day God had finished the work He had been doing; so on that day He rested from all His work.
NT Text
  • And on the seventh day God rested from all His works
Hebrews 4:5 Psalm 95:11
Compare
OT Text
  • So I swore on oath in My anger, “They shall never enter My rest.”
NT Text
  • They shall never enter My rest
Hebrews 4:7 Psalm 95:7–8
Compare
OT Text
  • For He is our God, and we are the people of His pasture, the sheep under His care. Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts as you did at Meribah, in the day at Massah in the wilderness,
NT Text
  • Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts
Hebrews 5:5 Psalm 2:7
Compare
OT Text
  • I will proclaim the decree spoken to Me by the LORD: “You are My Son; today I have become Your Father.
NT Text
  • You are My Son; today I have become Your Father
Hebrews 5:6 Psalm 110:4
Compare
OT Text
  • The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”
NT Text
  • You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek
Hebrews 5:10 Psalm 110:4
Compare
OT Text
  • The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”
NT Text
  • high priest in the order of Melchizedek
Hebrews 6:13 Genesis 22:16
Compare
OT Text
  • saying, “By Myself I have sworn, declares the LORD, that because you have done this and have not withheld your only son,
NT Text
  • since He had no one greater to swear by, He swore by Himself
Hebrews 6:14 Genesis 22:17
Compare
OT Text
  • I will surely bless you, and I will multiply your descendants like the stars in the sky and the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will possess the gates of their enemies.
NT Text
  • I will surely bless you and multiply your descendants
Hebrews 6:20 Psalm 110:4
Compare
OT Text
  • The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”
NT Text
  • He has become a high priest forever in the order of Melchizedek
Hebrews 7:1 Genesis 14:17–19
Compare
OT Text
  • After Abram returned from defeating Chedorlaomer and the kings allied with him, the king of Sodom went out to meet him in the Valley of Shaveh (that is, the King’s Valley). Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine—since he was priest of God Most High — and he blessed Abram and said: “Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth,
NT Text
  • Melchizedek was king of Salem and priest of God Most High. He met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him
Hebrews 7:2 Genesis 14:20
Compare
OT Text
  • and blessed be God Most High, who has delivered your enemies into your hand.” Then Abram gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything.
NT Text
  • and Abraham apportioned to him a tenth of everything. First, his name means “king of righteousness.” Then
Hebrews 7:11 Psalm 110:4
Compare
OT Text
  • The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”
NT Text
  • priest to appear—one in the order of Melchizedek and not
Hebrews 7:17 Psalm 110:4
Compare
OT Text
  • The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”
NT Text
  • You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek
Hebrews 7:21 Psalm 110:4
Compare
OT Text
  • The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”
NT Text
  • The Lord has sworn and will not change His mind: ‘You are a priest forever
Hebrews 8:5 Exodus 25:40
Compare
OT Text
  • See to it that you make everything according to the pattern shown you on the mountain.
NT Text
  • This is why Moses was warned when he was about to build the tabernacle: “See to it that you make everything according to the pattern shown you on the mountain
Hebrews 8:8 Jeremiah 31:31
Compare
OT Text
  • Behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah.
NT Text
  • Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah
Hebrews 8:9 Jeremiah 31:32
Compare
OT Text
  • It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt— a covenant they broke, though I was a husband to them,” declares the LORD.
NT Text
  • It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, because they did not abide by My covenant, and I disregarded them, declares the Lord
Hebrews 8:10 Jeremiah 31:33
Compare
OT Text
  • “But this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the LORD. I will put My law in their minds and inscribe it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people.
NT Text
  • For this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord. I will put My laws in their minds and inscribe them on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people
Hebrews 8:11–12 Jeremiah 31:34
Compare
OT Text
  • No longer will each man teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.”
NT Text
  • No longer will each one teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more
Hebrews 9:20 Exodus 24:8
Compare
OT Text
  • So Moses took the blood, splattered it on the people, and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the LORD has made with you in accordance with all these words.”
NT Text
  • saying, “This is the blood of the covenant, which God has commanded you to keep
Hebrews 10:5–7 Psalm 40:6–8
Compare
OT Text
  • Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, but my ears You have opened. Burnt offerings and sin offerings You did not require. Then I said, “Here I am, I have come— it is written about me in the scroll: I delight to do Your will, O my God; Your law is within my heart.”
NT Text
  • Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, but a body You prepared for Me In burnt offerings and sin offerings You took no delight Then I said, ‘Here I am, it is written about Me in the scroll: I have come to do Your will, O God
Hebrews 10:16 Jeremiah 31:33
Compare
OT Text
  • “But this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the LORD. I will put My law in their minds and inscribe it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people.
NT Text
  • This is the covenant I will make with them after those days, declares the Lord. I will put My laws in their hearts and inscribe them on their minds
Hebrews 10:17 Jeremiah 31:34
Compare
OT Text
  • No longer will each man teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.”
NT Text
  • Their sins and lawless acts I will remember no more
Hebrews 10:17 Jeremiah 31:34
Compare
OT Text
  • No longer will each man teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.”
NT Text
  • Their sins and lawless acts I will remember no more
Hebrews 10:30 Deuteronomy 32:35–36
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OT Text
  • Vengeance is Mine; I will repay. In due time their foot will slip; for their day of disaster is near, and their doom is coming quickly.” For the LORD will vindicate His people and have compassion on His servants when He sees that their strength is gone and no one remains, slave or free.
NT Text
  • Mine; I will repay,” and again, “The Lord will judge His people
Hebrews 10:37 Habakkuk 2:3–4
Compare
OT Text
  • For the vision awaits an appointed time; it testifies of the end and does not lie. Though it lingers, wait for it, since it will surely come and will not delay. Look at the proud one; his soul is not upright — but the righteous will live by faith —
NT Text
  • In just a little while, He who is coming will come and will not delay
Hebrews 10:38 Habakkuk 2:4
Compare
OT Text
  • Look at the proud one; his soul is not upright — but the righteous will live by faith —
NT Text
  • But My righteous one will live by faith; and if he shrinks back, I will take no pleasure in him
Hebrews 11:5 Genesis 5:24
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OT Text
  • Enoch walked with God, and then he was no more, because God had taken him away.
NT Text
  • Enoch was taken up so that he did not see death: “He could not be found, because God had taken him away.” For before
Hebrews 11:18 Genesis 21:12
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OT Text
  • But God said to Abraham, “Do not be distressed about the boy and your maidservant. Listen to everything that Sarah tells you, for through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned.
NT Text
  • Through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned
Hebrews 11:21 Genesis 47:31
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OT Text
  • “Swear to me,” Jacob said. So Joseph swore to him, and Israel bowed in worship at the head of his bed.
NT Text
  • Jacob, when he was dying, blessed each of Joseph’s sons and worshiped as he leaned on the top of his staff
Hebrews 12:5 Proverbs 3:11
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OT Text
  • My son, do not reject the discipline of the LORD, and do not loathe His rebuke;
NT Text
  • that addresses you as sons: “My son, do not take lightly the discipline of the Lord, and do not lose heart when He rebukes you
Hebrews 12:6 Proverbs 3:12
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OT Text
  • for the LORD disciplines the one He loves, as does a father the son in whom he delights.
NT Text
  • For the Lord disciplines the one He loves, and He chastises every son He receives
Hebrews 12:20 Exodus 19:12–13
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OT Text
  • And you are to set up a boundary for the people around the mountain and tell them, ‘Be careful not to go up on the mountain or touch its base. Whoever touches the mountain shall surely be put to death. No hand shall touch him, but he shall surely be stoned or shot with arrows—whether man or beast, he must not live.’ Only when the ram’s horn sounds a long blast may they approach the mountain.”
NT Text
  • If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned
Hebrews 12:21 Deuteronomy 9:19
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OT Text
  • For I was afraid of the anger and wrath that the LORD had directed against you, enough to destroy you. But the LORD listened to me this time as well.
NT Text
  • Moses said, “I am trembling with fear
Hebrews 12:26 Haggai 2:6
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OT Text
  • For this is what the LORD of Hosts says: “Once more, in a little while, I will shake the heavens and the earth, the sea and the dry land.
NT Text
  • now He has promised, “Once more I will shake not only the earth, but heaven
Hebrews 12:29 Deuteronomy 4:24
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OT Text
  • For the LORD your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God.
NT Text
  • God is a consuming fire
Hebrews 13:5 Deuteronomy 31:8
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OT Text
  • The LORD Himself goes before you; He will be with you. He will never leave you nor forsake you. Do not be afraid or discouraged.”
NT Text
  • Never will I leave you, never will I forsake you
Hebrews 13:5 Joshua 1:5
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OT Text
  • No one shall stand against you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so will I be with you; I will never leave you nor forsake you.
NT Text
  • Never will I leave you, never will I forsake you
Hebrews 13:6 Psalm 118:6
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OT Text
  • The LORD is on my side; I will not be afraid. What can man do to me?
NT Text
  • The Lord is my helper; I will not be afraid. What can man do to me